In recent years, with the ecological turn of research in foreign language teacher (FLT) development, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory has been increasingly utilized in studying FLT development. However, there is still room for improvement in the understanding of this theory, related research themes, and research methodology. To address these gaps, the current paper firstly reviews Bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development. It then makes a critical review on the empirical studies of FLT development research guided by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory in terms of the understanding of the theoretical tenets of this model, research themes, and methodologies. This paper finally offers implications for future research by focusing on the dynamic interaction and co-construction between agents and ecology, utilizing the theories appropriately, enriching the research topics and adopting multiple research methods to deeply delve into topical areas in FLT development.